The Side Effects Of Food Additives On Frozen Food

Case 1 When good results are bad results Professor Ballistico is developing a research that is looking for the side effects of food additives in frozen food; the project itself is producing good publications. He is also a director of Foodcorp Centre for Food Science at BigCity University. Foodcorp also gave fund to the Bigcity University to set up the research about frozen food. Professor Ballistico recently founded out that the results from two of products â€Å"Longlife and Rotnever†, may cause significantly human allergies of the addictive’s. Ethical Issues: †¢ Publish the right results of the experiment and be honestly about the human allergies, because the consumers have the right to know about the products they are buying and also can affect the sponsored to the University. †¢ Tell about the results he found to Foodcorp in privately, so they can find out a way to advise the public about the problem and prevent loss. †¢ Tell the university about the results, so them can make a decision to publish to results or not. †¢ Tell his employees about the whole situation. How he can prevent the problems in the future? Advice the stakeholders about the problem, so he can avoid the problem in the future and all of them together take an action about the problem and deal with it, creating a common sense that suits all, stakeholders, professor Ballistico and customers. I believe that the researches should be done about the problem and try to solve it. 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School Adjustment of Children from Divorced Families Free Essays

string(130) " divorced families have more problems in school, delinquency in the community, mental health problems and negative self-concepts\." The family is the basic unit of society where human beings are brought to life. It is considered a small society where children learn basic virtues. Therefore, the relationship between parents and children is very important for their growth and development. We will write a custom essay sample on School Adjustment of Children from Divorced Families or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through this relationship, children gain the virtues of trust, autonomy and initiative. Children also learn about socio-emotional relationships, self-respect and self-control. Thus, family environment and parent behaviour are crucial for children to grow as healthy, happy, and responsible people. Yet, despite the importance of parent support, there are still many children devoid of proper care from their parents resulting from the increasing number of divorces, or separations. In spite of the negative effects caused by divorce on children, the society seems to think divorce is something that can be easily done. Since the early 1990’s, divorce rate in Korea has risen rapidly not withstanding the fact that Korean society has a negative view on the divorce as compared to those in western countries. The influence of Confucianism is still deeply imbedded in Korean culture where family and marriage are supreme for most Koreans. Hence, many children from divorced families encounter deep-seated prejudice as if they have psychological defects. Although this may not be true for every child with divorced parents, some studies have shown that because they are exposed to a series of changes and are more disadvantaged than those who grow up in intact families, their school performance may be poor and they may exhibit antisocial behaviour. For example, children living in single parent families are less likely to have as many economic resources as children living in intact families. Other problems relating to aspects like parenting, education, housework, psychological issues will, as well, rise. Further, children of divorced families have to deal with sorrows from the absence of either their father or mother and that they will have to adapt to the change in family system. A study shows that children from divorced parents often become a laughingstock, and develop wrath towards their mother or father. Moreover, some children may find it difficult to focus during class, hence, receive poor academic grades. Childhood experience can have large impact in determining how they might turn out in the future. Parent-child relationship can largely influence children’s personality formation or intellectual development due to the account that children learn by imitating adults. Divorced parents may find more financial responsibility when it comes to parenting thus they may suffer from depression. Kurdek and Hetherrington also mention that single parent tend to raise their children with more rules and restrictions and less attention. Unfortunately, these single parents’ mental, emotional and family disorder difficulties will influence growing children and society at large. Parents’ divorce is a crisis which stirs up the ordinary life of children. For this reason, studies on divorce and its effects on children should be taken seriously. Divorce does not appear to have consistent effects across all children and ages as observed in two children, ages 10 and 11, from divorced families. Thus, this study is limited to elementary school age. It hopes to aid in understanding the behaviour of children from divorced families in school environment by illustrating researcher’s own experience with such children in class. It is related to theories which support their behaviour and possibly suggest ways for parents and educators to contribute to children’s well-being. The structure of this essay is as follows: ? the effects of divorce on children ? the differences between the children of intact and divorced families ? gender differences in the effects of divorce ? school adjustment of children from divorced families ? personal experience with children from divorced families The Effects of Divorce on Children Children’s reactions towards divorce can vary. Not only can the fact that the absence of one of the parents influences children but the change of environment after divorce settlement also affects children. They can suffer from psychological, behavioural and social problems. Psychological problems Study shows that children from divorced families have difficulties in adapting to new family environment. They are also likely to develop wrath towards one parent and some of them may even blame themselves for the divorce and show constant nervousness and incompetence. These effects may only be negative for a period of time or for children who have been exposed to parental conflict for a long time and recover rapidly in consequence of the stress released by their family environment. The most influenced psychological part of children of divorced families is that of depression and nervousness. Twenty-five percent of these children suffer from depression and fifty percent of them experience emotional turmoil or often appeared to be in despair. Social and behavioural problems Other influences on children from divorced families are external evidence like performance disorder, lack of sense of responsibility and understanding. They develop antisocial behaviour problems, aggressiveness, antagonizing manner and attention deficit in school settings. According to Lee’s research, during two years of their parents’ divorce children show antisocial behaviour and their social ability tend to decline. Children living with mothers exhibit impulsive behaviour, more oppositional and aggressiveness after two months of parents divorce. They also have difficulties in peer relationship and become troublesome at school, and perform lower academic achievement. Some children may seem to have overcome their parents divorce however even these children may have possibility of becoming troublesome when they are confronted with a new challenge and advancement task in school. As different studies have shown, divorce can have negative influence on children’s psychological, social and behavioural problems. Comparison between Children of Divorced and Intact Families Several researchers mention in their findings that children from divorced families differ significantly from children from intact families. Amato and Keith studied 13,000 children from preschool to young adulthood to find out if there are any significant behaviour differences between children of divorce and intact families. Their research indicates that children from divorced families have more problems in school, delinquency in the community, mental health problems and negative self-concepts. You read "School Adjustment of Children from Divorced Families" in category "Papers" Besides differences in their behaviour problems, there is also a difference in economical stature. Children from divorced families are more likely to suffer from economic difficulty. Weitzman reported that woman’s standard of living after divorce falls by 29% than previous household. And this can lead children to be more distressed in school from constant comparison with other children and receive lower academic achievement. This is because single parents may not have enough time to spend with their children because of their work and a decrease in income can increase frequent residential mobility. Hammaond compared the behaviour of children of divorced families and intact families and he found that boys of divorced families exhibit more behavioural problems than boys from intact families whereas girls show no significant differences. Boys from divorced families seem more distracted in class and exhibit acting out behaviour than boys from intact families do. This implies that in school setting, boys respond more negatively to their parent divorce than girls. The reason could be that in many countries including Korea, children live with their mothers after their parent divorce hence boys react more to absence of their father than girls do. This means losing father’s monitoring homework or playing sports with them and sometimes there are issues they would want to share with their fathers only. From observing a student in class, I notice that sudden loss of affection from a father after divorce can influence school achievement. This is because children suffer from constant distress and tension and they become emotionally unstable. Therefore in comparison with children from intact families, their school grade naturally drops. However, recent studies show that nowadays there is less difference in the behaviour of children from divorced and intact families. This is probably due to the fact that divorce rate is increasing rapidly. Even though the difference is statistically significant, differences are becoming small. In Hetherington’s findings, she found differences between children of divorce and intact families, but she also found that children from intact families exhibit behavioural problems because of constant parent conflict. She reports that over 90% of children including both genders from intact families are supposedly experiencing average range of problems. Remaining 10% suffer from severe family problem which would require professional help. In terms of children from divorced families, there are 74% of the boys and 66% of the girls in the normal range and remaining boys and girls are considered to have severe behavioural problems. Forty percent of adolescent boys and girls from divorced families have less behavioural problems than those from intact families. More recent studies show that the behaviour of children from divorced families are not much different from children of intact families. Based on experience, children still seem to experience considerable distress about the breakup of their parents and these feelings remain and affect them in some ways. Most of illustrated studies are carried in the West but Korea’s situation is also taken at hand to see if there are any behavioural differences in this area. Although H. Kim suggests that divorce is still viewed negatively in Korea, nevertheless her findings in the behaviour of children of divorce in school ages 8 to 13 shows similar effects of divorce on children’s school behaviour, which appear to be similar to that experienced by Western children studied in Amato Keith’s research in 1991. Korean children from divorced families also exhibit aggressiveness, seek more attention and disobey in school. Gender Differences in the Effects of Divorce Besides behaviour differences among children of divorced and intact families, there are also gender differences to consider. Hyatt suggests that boys and girls react differently to parental divorce. Boys tend to create more behavioural problems in school than girls do. Boys’ self-esteem tends to decline as a result of divorce and they seek constant attention from the teacher and disturb class with irrelevant talks. Their effort in school work also decline. Hyatt mentions that boys are more prone to difficulty of losing contact to their father hence regular communication with the father can help these adjustment problems. Girls’ behaviour in school after parental divorce is not as noticeable as boys because they do not manifest their difficulties by acting out in class. Rather, they tend to become more anxious or unhappy or showing over controlled good behaviour. Another findings concerning gender difference in the effects of divorce is that girls do accept help from their teachers unlike boys. This is because girls see their school as a place where they can be supported during divorce while boys conduct socially unacceptable behaviour. School Behaviour of Children of Divorced Families Human beings grow by constantly adapting to new environment therefore adapting to an environment is part of life cycle. Children’s educational place can be divided into home, school and the society. The child and environment continuously interact and the school takes over large part of a child’s life. Therefore as well as having a settled family life, school period is also important in determining how children might turn out in the future. School is a place where children enjoy, and gain sense of satisfaction by experiencing various activities and maintain harmonized relationships with the teachers and other students. Similarly, school adjustment is defines as taking interest in school environment and feel comfortable being in school with other children. This adjustment reflects on their school achievement and development. For instance, children who enjoy being in school and participate in school activities are likely to gain more educational experiences than those who have adjustment disorder. Liebman defines school adjustment disorder as excessive reaction where individuals are unable to harmonize with the school environment and other students which will prohibit individual development. Children of divorced families are likely to have more difficulties in school adjustment than those of children from intact families. Berbe suggests that children with adjustment disorder tend to attract teacher’s attention by inappropriate questions in class, distract other children and find it hard to pay attention in class. They also refuse teacher’s request and are often disobedient. And if they continue to show irresponsible academic behaviour, it leads to serious adjustment disorder. Heck’s idea is also similar to Berbe’s suggestion that children with adjustment disorder problems are frequently absent and tend to be oppositional in class. However, it is difficult to judge the cause of maladjustment solely on divorce. How children respond to above stress can vary from a child to child. It can differ according to their age, gender or disposition and the environment includes economic stature of parents, social approval rating of parents and family conflict. Variables are categorized as they may affect children’s school adjustment into demographic differences and family variables. Demographic differences include race, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and family variables include relationships, organisation, control, social support, mother rejection and father rejection. Behaviour of children of divorced in school As mentioned earlier, children from divorced families appear to have difficulty in academic achievement and relationship with other children at school than children from intact families. The cause of this should not be looked at solely on the primary factor which is divorce. Secondary factors are to be considered as well, such as the change in socioeconomic structure and resources after divorce. For example, as mentioned earlier, economic loss, poor parental adjustment, lack of parental competence and parental loss can cause behavioural problems. As mentioned in the section of ‘Comparison between children of divorce and intact families’, women’s standard of living is reduced by 29 % after divorce and absence of father can have negative influence on children more on boys than girls. Regarding studies on children’s maladjustment behaviour, Liner categorizes disorder behaviour as: ? action-out behaviour like hitting someone and being aggressive ? withdrawing behaviour: very quiet, sucking fingers, restricted behaviour ? defensive behaviour: lying, ignoring ? disorganised behaviour: escaping from reality Similarly, Wickman describes behaviour of children with adjustment disorder as: ? immoral, dishonest, in resistance to authority, stealer, cheater, disobedient, rude and rebellious ? often violates regulation of class, careless, loses interest in study, negligent and trustless ? exaggerated and offensive personality ? unsociable, overly sensitive, and liar Based on experience, as a teacher of young children, those from divorced families have lower academic achievement, are socially isolated, overly sensitive, either humiliate themselves or boast and show negative behaviour in class. Specifically, their academic grade is poorer than it used to be and they do not try to socialize with others in class. Further, they often seem absent-minded and tend to change their mood easily. If they are scolded for not doing their homework or asked to answer something they do not know, they use violent language in response. They also suffer from headache and easily get tired. This behaviour of children can also be explained by Rotter’s theory of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how individuals attribute the cause of their behaviour to internal or external forces. In applying to children of divorced families, children who have internal locus of control believe that if their parents are divorced, it is their fate. Therefore these children are able to handle any difficulties and feel less psychological distress. In contrast, children who have external locus of control believe that if they do not perform well in school, they tend to blame external factors such as parental divorce rather than blame themselves. Hence, these children are likely to suffer from severe distress than those who have internal locus of control. When elementary school children experience parents’ divorce, they can become aggressive and develop sense fear and sorrow. Some children also imagine reunion of their parents. And they also explain that children’s school behaviour depend on how they are treated at home. As per experience, the relationship between custodial parent and the child seem to have a large impact. Prior research says that the relationship between the behaviour of custodial parents and children’s school adjustment illustrate that the attitude of custodial parents has large influence on children’s school achievement. Mothers’ affection can influence enormously on developing children’s social skills. From mother-child relationship, children learn responsibility, self-control and social skills, hence, hostile attitude towards children can act as hindrance in developing social skills. Therefore one can learn that the attitude of custodial parent becomes important factor which influence children’s school adjustment. Personal Experience with Children from Divorced Families Case study 1 Two years ago, I was teaching young Korean children ages 8 to 11. Before I started teaching, I was briefly explained about the behaviour of several children by their tutors. A couple of them were from divorced families. I had a difficulty in handling one particular child called J, who was 11 years old at that time. According to his tutor, his parents were divorced recently and as a result, he enrolled in this school. I did not know the reason of his parents’ divorce but his mother was diagnosed with cancer. The tutor was the custodial parent of J. My first impression on J in class was that he was very loud and also it became a routine for him not to do his homework and turn up late in class. He became aggressive and tried to embarrass me by making ridiculous comments when scolded about his behaviour. On one occasion, J had a fight with another boy in class. J actually stabbed this boy with a pencil during break time. Although it was a minor injury, parents of both boys had to be called in and J’s tutor tried to make both boys talk about why it happened. But they did not say a word. Since J’s mother was sick, his grandmother came instead, apologizing for her grandson’s action. Nonetheless, explanation of J’s grandmother helped me to understand his behaviour. J became difficult to control since his parents’ divorce. He was furious with the fact that his father left his sick mother for another woman. His grade from previous school was average but with the change of family environment, he was achieving lower grade. However, considering he was fairly new to the school, he seemed to socialize with other boys easily and seemed to lead them as well. I have also noticed that when he was not being loud or seeking attention in my class, he would sit absent-minded and continuously shake his leg. Besides being aggressive he was probably feeling insecure as well. In the period immediately following the divorce, J’s mother’s ability to be a good parent probably declined and became more inconsistent in disciplining her son due to her illness. J’s reaction towards his parent’s divorce is all mentioned in past studies by Anthony (1974), Hoyt et al. (1990), Kurdekrikberg (1987), Liner (1976), Wickman (1987) where action-out behaviour was most apparent in his behaviour when he had stabbed a boy with a pencil and his reaction also showed that he was very aggressive, as Lee (1993) suggested that children of divorce can become aggressive. J’s behaviour of making comments in class also shares Hyatt (1999)’s findings of making irrelevant comments in class. J had also developed anger towards his father because he had left his mother when she was sick and Kurdekriberg (1987) mentioned that some children may develop wrath towards one parent after divorce. As illustrated in Lee (1993), Kurdekriberg (1987) and Weitzman (1985)’s study, J’s academic grade declined and exhibited withdrawing behaviour (1976) such as shaking his leg in class. He was also spotted lost in thoughts in class sitting completely absent-minded and this can refer to what Liner (1976) called disorganized behaviour that J probably wanted to escape from this painful reality of his. Case study 2 Another child called B, age 10, in my class, also experienced parents divorce. I got to know B’s background through a homework I assigned in class. Unlike J, her parents were divorced when B had just turned 5 and at that time, none of her parents were willing to look after her. Therefore she was left under the care of her grandparents in her mother’s side for a few years. And then, she joined her mother at the age of 9 who was by then re-married and had children of their own. Being with her mother’s also meant moving to another school, hence everything was new to her. Despite the change of the environment, she seemed to have adjusted herself well in school life. She had her own circle of friends and she was also active and lively during class and there was not much change in her school grade. I also noticed her suck fingers during class. One day, I assigned the whole class to write about their parents because it was soon to be Parents’ Day in Korea. Surprisingly, B did not do her home. To be exact, she actually refused to do it because she said there was nothing to talk about and as she was saying this, she was almost in tears. Then she explained her family background and she was ashamed of it. She mentioned that her mother and stepfather hardly gave her any affection and treated her as a burden, hence in order to avoid them, B spent most of her time in her room when she was home. For B, the school was some kind of a safe zone and because of her positive attitude in class, I never thought that she was unhappy at home. In my opinion, B was putting all her energy into school life to forget about troubles at home. It was obvious that B had the most difficulty in adapting to step-parenting and remarriage and what made it worse was that she hardly knew her mother either. So confronting her mother and step father was a great distress for B. Unlike J, B’s behaviour was not very noticeable in school. It seems that in B’s case, her difficult situation acted as a driving force to concentrate in her school life. This is because she had hardly any affection from her mother that she probably had with her teachers and friends, whom she can trust and rely on as it is mentioned in Goldman, Rosenzweig Lutter (1980) that girls from divorced families tend to see school as a supporting place. Both J and B suffered from painful memories and feelings of helplessness but how they reacted to the situation differed extremely although they both showed what Liner (1976) called sign of withdrawing behaviour: shaking leg and sucking fingers. There could be many factors which caused these differences. For example, J and B’s age difference, their gender and economic stature of their parents. Since J’s mother had an illness, they probably suffered severely from economic loss in comparison with B’s situation. And the fact that B’s parents were divorced years before J’s parents, could be another reason which caused adjustment difference in school. Last but not the least, attitude of custodial parent could be another reason. Although J’s behaviour problem seemed more serious than B’s, J probably had more attention from his mother where as in B’s case, she was not suffering from the fact that her parents were divorced but suffered from trying to adapt herself to step-parenting and remarriage. From J’s and B’s cases, it is evident that their behaviours were strongly influenced by family variables. Although J received much affection from his mother, he probably felt rejected from his father and B felt rejected from his mother. Although they were both influenced by family variables, J’s reaction was much more noticeable than B. Boys create more behavioural problems than girls, hence the influence of gender differences is also apparent in this study which is known as a demographic difference. It is clear that both J and B need support from educators. Although B is able to cope with this new challenge of living with a mother who she does not know well and adapting to step-parenting by herself, without professional help, it may trigger problems in her adolescence. It is the same for J’s case. If he does not receive appropriate help form educators, he is likely to continue with delinquent behaviour or associate with antisocial friends in the future. Therefore it is vital that they are supported with affection so that they grow into a reasonably competent person. Conclusions This paper studies the behaviour of children from divorced families by studying the prospective relationship demonstrated and certain family experiences and school adjustment of two children I taught in Korea. Although past studies show that children from divorced families are in danger for developing negative behaviour and experience academic decline, due to increasing rate of divorce, the differences in the behaviour of children of divorced and children from intact families are getting smaller. It may be that children from divorced families are having difficulties, these are not as important as the factors that cause these differences. What I learn from these two children is that being a party to their parents’ divorce is a very difficult transition for their age. There are many factors which may cause children’s school adjustment disorder and student J and B responded differently, owing to gender differences and new family situations. Therefore, children from divorced families, including J B, should receive appropriate support both from parents and educators until they adjust to their new living arrangements. This will help them develop intellectually and socially in the same way as their peers from intact families do. Not only the support of parents is needed but teachers need to become more aware of children’s feelings in class. I, for one, am being considerate to children from divorced families in assigning homework such as writing letter to parents. Discussing different family situations, including single parenting and remarriage, will help children of intact families develop more awareness and respect towards children of divorced. Teachers can also spend more time with children from divorced families to understand their feelings and perhaps suggest advice if necessary. This personal attention can help children to reduce any negative behaviour which children may exhibit as a result of parent divorce. In summary, on the basis of the findings of this study, it is suggested that educators should consider any factor that may influence children’s behaviour and conduct appropriate program in order to help them. How to cite School Adjustment of Children from Divorced Families, Papers

The Impact of The Exchange Rate and Money Supply on Growth

Question: Describe about The Impact Of The Exchange Rate And Money Supply On Growth? Answer: Introduction The British economy has faced a very low-interest rate from past 6-7 years. Hence, the borrowings have been attracted and investment level becomes encouraged. It has also raised the spending of British citizens. Increasing spending leads to a higher aggregate demand of the citizens of UK and hence higher levels of growth can be achieved. However, with lower interest rate, inflationary pressure (demand pull inflation) has occurred in the British economy. Inflation will have hampered the buying power and the economic expansion sustainability can be undermined (Kirby, 2013). The Central Bank of England should undertake various reforms and policies to control the situation by enhancing the interest rate. This report will try to show the various effects of low-interest rates by incorporating macroeconomic as well as microeconomics concepts in the context of the British economy and it will also discuss the reforms which will be undertaken by the Central Bank of England. Low-Interest Rates: Effects The possible impacts of low-interest rates can be discussed. Firstly, when the interest rate is low, it makes the borrowing costs very cheap. Cheaper costs attract the loan taking the behavior of UK citizens and also the business firms to finance the ventures and also for higher spending. Secondly, from savings, the lower return was generated due to the lower interest rates. Hence, people of Britain have a lower incentive to save their money. It will imply that spending of customers is attracted rather than holding. Thirdly, due to the lower rate of interest, buying assets like housing is encouraged. Thus, prices of the house have been raised which causes a rise in the wealth. Thus, customer spending increases. Fourthly, lower savings will decrease the value of currency (Perloff, 2012). The downfall in the exchange rate will imply of costlier import. Thus, AD has been affected. Lastly, the monthly costs of mortgages are lowered due to low-interest rate. It will raise the disposable income and hence customer spending. Macroeconomic Model Aggregate Demand In general, aggregate demand model can be very useful to show the effects of lower interest rate. AD = C+I+G+ (X-M). With the lower rate of interests, the components of AD such as C, (X-M), I will increase. Generally, when the interest rate is lower, the growth of the economy will increase as AD will increase. Figure 1 will help to see the relationship between AD and interest rate. Figure 1: AD and Interest rate Source: (Krugman and Wells, 2013). The lower interest rate shifts the AD curve to the right (AD/). AS curve will no change in this case (figure 2). Figure 2: AD AS model Source: (Mankiw, 2013). It can be seen from the figure 2 that Real GDP has been increased due to the lower rate of interest (Y2) as AD is raised. Thus, by using the AD AS model, it can be shown that although inflationary pressure will arise also with higher AD, the lower interest rate will generate higher economic growth in Britain. Lower Interest Rate in UK economy: Impacts It can be seen from the below table that the interest rate of past 7 years was low and this situation encourages in achieving the level of economic growth in the UK. Table 1: Interest rate data (Data.worldbank, 2016) Based on the table, the column graph can be made. Figure 3: Fluctuations in Interest rate Source: (Author) It can be seen that from 2010 to 2014, the interest rate is constant that is 0.5%. The lower interest rate can have different effects on the different groups of people in the UK. Due to a lower rate of interest, the borrowers, mortgage holders and the owners of the houses get the maximum benefits in the UK. These group of people will devote extra money. However, people who generally saves money, face the adverse impacts of lower interest rate (Sirichand and Hall, 2015). The retired citizens come into this group who have less disposable income because the return from savings has been lowered. Thus, they will spend less money. UK economy is known as borrowers region. A higher level of debt mortgage can be seen here. Hence, it can be said that lower interest rate will have a huge impact on UK economy. In this scenario, EU has a higher tendency to take rental home rather than purchasing (Field, 2014). Current account section had affected by the lower interest rate. In this scenario, expo rts become competitive and import becomes costlier. It causes a depreciation in UK economy. On the other hand, the lower interest rate will increase the import demand (Gordon, 2012). Thus, in UK economy, people have elastic demand. So, effects will confuse the researcher. Apart from this, the adverse impact can be seen in the service sector. The lower interest rate has created too much turmoil in the financial segments and thus, the growth rate has been affected adversely from the past years. Figure 4: Growth rate in the UK Source: (Data.worldbank. 2016). In Figure 4, it ca be seen that growth rate is positive from 2010 but these are very low up to 2012. In 2009, the debt crisis had made the GDP growth rate negative and the interest rate was also low (Tradingeconomics. 2016). The picture of the service sector has implied that various venture actions in Britain cover the hairdressers of insurers as well as had expanded with a low rate of march 2013. During this time, the economy of UK was said to be a fragile economy where recessive situations had arisen. Measures were taken by Central Bank of England To control this scenario, the Central Bank of England should try to do modifications in the monetary policy to gain the monetary stability and control inflationary pressures. It also tries to manage the economic consequences and the social dilemmas. To control the rate of interest, the authority should focus on some factors. Otherwise, there will be high chance of arising information failure. To control the interest rate by modifying the monetary policies, the policymakers should have pure knowledge about the economy of UK. The growth rate of GDP and the size of output gap must be considered. Without knowing these, the bank cannot manage the level of AD in the UK. Bank lending and the customer credit should be considered. It involves the equity withdrawal from the market of homes along with lending data of credit cards from which the consumer demand can be analyzed. To manage this odd situation, the CBE can undertake the contractionary monetary policy. The contractionary policy can reduce the demand of citizens and thus AD curve will move leftward (AD//). The rate of interest will go high. This policy is used to lower the money supply along with spending of customers. When interest rate will move up for perceiving the contractionary policy, it will enhance the reserve requirements as the supply of money will be lowered (Bhattarai, 2011). After allocating a higher rate of interest, the banks and government will borrow at the higher rate. This will raise the lending costs. Other banks must follow the rule of Central bank which will reduce the borrowing of the citizens. By doing this, inflation rate can be controlled too by the CBE. It can be also said that with the increase in interest rate, savers of UK become satisfied again. When saving will be higher, the retired citizens can increase their spending. The Central Bank can enhance the reserve re quirements over the other commercial banks to scrutinize the withdrawals regularly. The banks borrow at a lesser rate from the customers of UK when there is a greater requirement of reserves. Therefore, the spending of the UK citizens will be started declining inevitably. Thus, the demand-pull inflation can be managed. The Central Bank of England can directly or indirectly do the reduction in money supply. When there arises greater demand, the contractionary monetary policy can increase the value of exchange rate (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2012). It can stimulate the import at a higher rate and also lower the export. In this way, the authority can manage the money circulation across the UK economy. Conclusion In this section, it can be shown by the researcher that the interest rate of UK had a tendency to fall for the past 6-7 years. In this report, the effects of lower interest rate are discussed with the help of Aggregate demand model and the concepts of microeconomics. With a lower rate of interest, aggregate demand rises and growth rate increases. However, it has created inflationary pressures in UK economy and adversely affected the savers. Therefore, the Central Bank of England must undertake a contractionary monetary policy to manage the inflationary situation and manage the value of exchange rate. Spending can be reduced by perceiving the policies and money circulation can be managed by the authority. References Bhattarai, K. (2011). The impact of the exchange rate and money supply on growth, inflation and interest rates in the UK. IJMEF, 4(4), p.355. Data.worldbank. (2016). GDP growth (annual %) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?page=1 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2016]. Data.worldbank. (2016). Lending interest rate (%) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.LEND Field, M. (2014). Reappraising the place for private rental housing in the UK market: Why an unbalanced economy is at risk of becoming even worse... Local Economy, 29(4-5), pp.354-362. Gordon, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2012). Microeconomics. Harlow: Pearson Education. Kirby, S. (2013). Prospects for the UK Economy. National Institute Economic Review, 226(1), pp.F46-F64. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth. Perloff, J. (2012). Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Sirichand, K. and Hall, S. (2015). Decision-Based Forecast Evaluation of UK Interest Rate Predictability. Journal of Forecasting, 35(2), pp.93-112. Tradingeconomics. (2016). United Kingdom Interest Rate | 1971-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/interest-rate.

Right to Counsel

The legal understanding of such a notion as the right to counsel has been shaped by several important cases. This paper is aimed at discussing the case Strickland v. Washington which implies that a citizen should be entitled to effective assistance of counsel (Dimitrakopoulos, 2007, p. 184).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Counsel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several questions that are related to this court decision. First, one should show how a defendant can prove that the assistance of a counsel was inefficient or unreasonable. Secondly, it is important to find out what a judge should do if he/she believes that the attorney does not adequately represent the rights of the client. These are the main issues that should be examined more closely. Overall, according to this court decision, a defendant may expect an attorney to defend his/her interests in an efficient and reasonable way. Moreove r, the deficiencies of an attorney must not deprive a person of the right to fair trial (Dimitrakopoulos, 2007, p. 184). Under such circumstance, a defendant must prove that the performance of the attorney did not meet the standards that are set for legal professionals (Levenson, Manheim, Dougherty, Gold, 2012, p. 167). More importantly, it is critical to demonstrate that the decision of the court might have been different provided that the attorney had coped with his/her duties effectively. These are the main implications of this case. To a great extent, this case represents the latest stages in the historical development of the right to counsel. This court decision was passed in 1984, and it helped to elaborate the understanding of the Sixth Amendment which guarantees the right to counsel. To a great extent, it lays stress on the competence and accountability of attorneys for the way in which they can defend the interests. In the past, the courts did not have to reverse their ver dicts due to the inadequate assistance of legal counsels. This is why the importance of this decision should not be overlooked by clients or lawyers. On the whole, the right to counsel can be attached to every critical stage of the criminal procedure. For instance, one should speak about preliminary hearing, initial appearance, trial, or sentencing (Emanuel, 2009, p. 154). Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the client did not exercise his right for self-representation.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Instead, he chose to rely on the services of a defense attorney. The main role of this professional was to ensure the adequate representation of the clients’ rights. For example, he had to present the evidence that could exonerate the client or mitigate his guilt. These are the main aspects that one can single out. The peculiarities of this case were also discussed with a local attorney who was interviewed specifically for this assignment. In particular, he responded to the questions which were identified in the introduction. First of all, he said that the ineffective performance could take several forms. For example, an attorney may fail to present a critical piece of evidence that could defend the interests of a client. Nevertheless, it is important that in many cases, there are no clear-cut criteria according to which the performance of a counsel can be evaluated. This argument is particularly relevant to the situations when one has to determine whether a defense strategy chosen by the attorney was efficient or not. Under such circumstances, one should keep in mind that even a professional attorney cannot always attain a successful outcome. Secondly, the attorney said that a judge has several duties. In particular, he may inquire whether a counsel has a possible conflict of interests since it can prevent him from protecting the interests of a defe ndant in the court. However, a judge is not obliged to question the defense strategies chosen by a counsel. Certainly, he/she may accept the defendant’s demand to substitute a counsel. Yet, a judge should not question the competence of an attorney. These responses have been helpful for understanding the right to counsel. Overall, these examples indicate that the role of counsel is critical for ensuring that an individual receives a fair trial. The case, which has been chosen for this paper, illustrates the idea that a client can set certain expectations for the performance of an attorney. Reference List Dimitrakopoulos, I. (2007). Individual Rights and Liberties Under the U.S.  Constitution: The Case Law of the U.S. Supreme Court. New York, NY: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Emanuel, S. (2009). Criminal Procedure. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers OnlineAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Counsel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pag e Learn More Levenson, L., Manheim, K., Dougherty, J., Gold, V. (2012). The Journalist’s Guide  to American Law. New York, NY: Routledge. This essay on Right to Counsel was written and submitted by user Saanvi I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

louis isadore kahn and the salk institute essays

louis isadore kahn and the salk institute essays Standing alone against the endless blue sea, the Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn is one of a kind. "Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Studies on the Pacific coast near La Jolla aspires within its own spirit to an order achieved through clarity, definition, and consistency of application"(Heyer 195). To many, this magnificent structure may seem out of place, but it works well with the surrounding environment because of the spatial continuity that it possesses. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, combine to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Many of the ideas that went into the construction of this design are still utilized in architecture today. Kahn's modern design takes full advantage of the atmosphere by opening up a broad plaza between two research and lab wings providing a view of the beautiful Pacific Ocean and the coastline (Ghirardo 227). The laboratories are separated from the study areas, and each study has a view of the magnificent blue Pacific with horizontal light pouring in. This allows scientists to take a break from their frantic studies and clear their minds with a breath-taking view. In relation to this idea Kahn stated, "I separated the studies from the laboratory and placed them over the gardens. Now one need not spend all the time in the laboratories" (Ronner 158). The two lab wings are symmetrical about a small stream that runs through the middle of the courtyard and feeds into the ocean. This steady ban of water flowing towards the sea symbolizes the success that human can accomplish. I thought this idea had a worthy presence, considering the Salk Institute is one that promotes research and st udy. Thus, the courtyard is considered the facade to the sky. Kahn didn't need to dress up the land around the plan because the Salk Institute is the landscape. It is one with the site ...

Bio Lab Essay Example for Free

Bio Lab Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints What is the basic structural feature that distinguishes plants and animal cells from bacteria? Unlike bacteria cells, plants and animal cells contain a nucleus. 2. In what way do blood cells resemble unicellular organisms? Blood cells resemble unicellular organisms in their function. 3. Why are blood cells considered a tissue? Blood cells are considered a tissue because they contain red and white blood cells. All tissues are made up of cells. 4. Can mature erythrocytes be classified as cells? Why or why not? Mature erythrocytes cannot be classified as cells because they lack a nucleus a few organelles. 5. What is the general shape of a typical plant cell? A typical plant cell is shaped like a rectangle. 6. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea similar? The cells of onion epidermis and Elodea are similar because they all have a cell membrane and a cytoplasm. Also, their cells are single-layered. 7. In what ways are the cells of onion epidermis and Elodea different? Unlike the cells of onion epidermis, the cells of Elodea contain chloroplasts that are used for photosynthesis. . What characteristics can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant? The observable characteristics that can be used as evidence for classifying a specimen as a plant: rectangular shaped cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts. 9. Inside the mouth, the epithelial cells are joined together in a sheet. Why are they scattered on the microscope slide? Do not over think this question! Epithelial cells are scattered on the microscope slide because they are exposed to oxygen. 1 0. How many different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide? Three different cell types can be seen in the human blood slide: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. 11. How are the blood cells similar to the epithelial cells? Blood cells are similar to the epithelial cells because they all contain a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane. Only red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 12. How are the blood cells different from the epithelial cells? Blood cells are different from the epithelial cells because they not all blood cells contain a nucleus. For example, red blood cells do not contain a nucleus. 3. In what ways are animal and plant cells structurally similar? The observable ways animal and plant cells are structurally similar: plasma membranes and cytoplasm. 14. In what   ways are animal and plant cells structurally different? Plant cells are structurally different then animal cells because they contain a cell wall, chloroplast, and a central vacuole. 15. Onions are classified as green plants. Where in the onion plant are the green cells located? Green cells are located at the root of onion plants. Bio Lab. (2018, Oct 23).

David cole interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper + David cole on the Phil Essay

David cole interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper + David cole on the Phil Donahue Show - Essay Example However, Anne and Margot (her sister) changed course to Bergen-Belsen as they were young individuals and had a lot of energy necessary for labor duties in the context of Gestapo (Hanna 56). After the arrival of Eli Wiesel and his father to Birkenau Camp, they received orders of assignment to a barrack located the Gypsy Camp. They were miraculously spared death just as they were about to step into the flaming fires that would eventually kill them. The Germans were afraid of the Soviet Union troops and they could not stand a chance against them and they could not also have the time to organize the captives. So it was up to the individual to make up his or her own mind. The design of the gas chamber was very distinct and it shows that its sole intention was to ferry something on a stretcher into the raving fire ignited by the gas. It is impossible to define what really went into the chamber and the lower section of the chamber there is a slot for adding firewood. The Nazis as we know them were a brutal community that did not feel mercy and it is obvious that they designed the machine to deal with the traitors. It was a permanent structure due to the heaviness of the material used in the construction mainly metal. I think the chimney was meant to let the smoke into the air as burning human remains have a really bad and awful smell. The interview was an interesting revelation into the past lives of those that found themselves caught in the crossfire of the warring countries. The interview shed a lot of light on the experiences that the people had to go through and bear with the harsh and brutal tyrannies of the Nazis and it provided some form of clarity into the issues that were somehow controversial. I think the interview was indeed educative and promoted comparative studies into documented historical and chronological data into events that unfolded during these

Water pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water pollution - Essay Example Therefore, water pollution is a problem that requires a collective effort in order to beat. In my opinion, this article was too lightweight for such a heavy issue. It was tackled in a single page and dealt with in such a lighthearted manner by the writer. It almost sounded like a Wikipedia or â€Å"Water Pollution for Dummies† article due to its simplicity. However, it does manage to effectively introduce the problem and the possible solutions to it. I am glad that such an article exists which was written with the intention of making the water pollution problem understandable to everyone, even children in a grade school level of study. The writer should be commended for making such a complex issue easily understandable to those who do not have a background or serious understanding of the water pollution problem and the various prevention methods that have been set in place to help prevent the further deterioration of our seas and water

Business Messages Essay Example for Free

Business Messages Essay In a traditional workplace, memos are the usual form of business messages that are sent from officers to employees. With the advent of technology, the issuance of memorandums is often limited to topics of general interest, like organizational meetings or policy changes. If I were a lead engineer in Cards4U, Id maximize the use of faster and more efficient tools to aid me in communicating with other members of the team, as well as company executives and potential customers.    That means e-mails will be the primary source of communication among the team members, since sending and receiving messages take only a few seconds to a few minutes.   E-mail communications are convenient, does not need to be too formal, and can be accessed anytime, anywhere.   The memos will be utilized to inform the CEO or customers regarding product presentations and updates. Since Im a lead engineer in a creative design group, presentations using PowerPoint or Flash would be very useful in showcasing latest designs and innovations.   Reports are also necessary to document the progress, activities, and changes in the production department.   Face to face meetings with customers are important to establish rapport and get them to buy your designs, or get their feedback. If face-to-face meeting is not possible, conference calls can also be used.   Meeting the CEO for updates and developments would also require face-to-face encounters.   However, if the chief executive initiated conversation using e-mails, then, I should take his lead and reply using the same medium.   But if the message were sent through the more formal memorandum, then the reply would also be of that kind. More importantly, in any type of business communication that I would send, the messages should be concise, direct to the point, and professional. References Business/Professional Writing.(1995-2004). OWL at Purdue University.   Retrieved December 4, 2007, from:   http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#business Ramsey, L. (2005). Business E-mail Messages Professionalism.   Retrieved December 4, 2007, from, http://website101.com/email_e-mail/e-mail_business-etiquette.html Kotelnikov, V. Effective Business Communication. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/biz_communication_main.html

Web of Deceit in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur

Web of Deceit in Othello Shakespeare’s Othello portrays a process through which pure evil has an effect on love and morality. The character of Iago twists Othello into killing his wife, and eventually himself, through manipulating Othello’s trust and loyalty. Iago uses the handkerchief as a symbol through which Othello is convinced of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. This handkerchief plays many roles throughout Othello. Because of the importance placed upon this object, the driving force of the play becomes centered on the particular qualities of this handkerchief. In its most important aspect, the handkerchief becomes associated with a kind of web set by Iago, in order to ensnare both Othello and Desdemona. At the beginning of Act II, Iago begins to formulate his plans to bring down Othello. As Cassio takes Desdemona’s hand and welcomes her, Iago says: He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper! With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do! I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.-You say true; ‘tis so, indeed! - If such tricks as these strip you out of you lieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so oft...(II,i L.166-72) In this passage, Iago plans to use Cassio in his plan to destroy Othello. Rather than merely stating his desire to do this, Iago uses imagery based around a spider’s web. By doing so, ideas of creation, self utilization, and entrapment are brought into the plot concerning Othello. Iago likens himself to a spider, who spins a web from his own mind which will trap people, and cause them to serve his own needs. This passage shows the extent to which Iago foresees his own designs. Iago does not take an active role ... ...y, and painful reality. He can no longer trust what he believes, and must follow what he believes "Nature" has told him to do. Because Othello has strong feelings these are the only thing he is certain of feeling, and therefore follows them. This is not a man who remembers what the past has taught him. Othello now looks at the handkerchief as threads woven for the sole purpose of maligning his trust, and his life. He has lost sight of Iago’s manipulating words, in favor of action through anger and retribution. Iago has created a web of lies around Othello to accomplish two things. Othello becomes uprooted from any comfort and security gained from the past by Iago’s lies. After this has been accomplished, this web of lies gives Othello the support he desperately needs. This new dedication, however, orchestrates Othello’s downfall, and Iago’s momentary triumph. Web of Deceit in Shakespeare's Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur Web of Deceit in Othello Shakespeare’s Othello portrays a process through which pure evil has an effect on love and morality. The character of Iago twists Othello into killing his wife, and eventually himself, through manipulating Othello’s trust and loyalty. Iago uses the handkerchief as a symbol through which Othello is convinced of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. This handkerchief plays many roles throughout Othello. Because of the importance placed upon this object, the driving force of the play becomes centered on the particular qualities of this handkerchief. In its most important aspect, the handkerchief becomes associated with a kind of web set by Iago, in order to ensnare both Othello and Desdemona. At the beginning of Act II, Iago begins to formulate his plans to bring down Othello. As Cassio takes Desdemona’s hand and welcomes her, Iago says: He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper! With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do! I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.-You say true; ‘tis so, indeed! - If such tricks as these strip you out of you lieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so oft...(II,i L.166-72) In this passage, Iago plans to use Cassio in his plan to destroy Othello. Rather than merely stating his desire to do this, Iago uses imagery based around a spider’s web. By doing so, ideas of creation, self utilization, and entrapment are brought into the plot concerning Othello. Iago likens himself to a spider, who spins a web from his own mind which will trap people, and cause them to serve his own needs. This passage shows the extent to which Iago foresees his own designs. Iago does not take an active role ... ...y, and painful reality. He can no longer trust what he believes, and must follow what he believes "Nature" has told him to do. Because Othello has strong feelings these are the only thing he is certain of feeling, and therefore follows them. This is not a man who remembers what the past has taught him. Othello now looks at the handkerchief as threads woven for the sole purpose of maligning his trust, and his life. He has lost sight of Iago’s manipulating words, in favor of action through anger and retribution. Iago has created a web of lies around Othello to accomplish two things. Othello becomes uprooted from any comfort and security gained from the past by Iago’s lies. After this has been accomplished, this web of lies gives Othello the support he desperately needs. This new dedication, however, orchestrates Othello’s downfall, and Iago’s momentary triumph.

Global Cultural Analysis: China Essay

Abstract In this paper, I will focus on the cultural issues, which American investors wishing to venture into the Chinese market need to learn. It has been noted that different countries have different cultural backgrounds and organizations need to understand the culture, economy, and politics of a foreign country before venturing into that market. This means that time and resources must be invested in research of these cultural backgrounds. In addition, understanding how cultural dimensions in China compare to that of the US is very important because it helps an investor in taking advantage of them in making the right decisions. Since the Chinese are very proud of their culture, it has been noted that foreign investors should take advantage of joint ventures in order to benefit from the relationships established by local firms. In addition, the quality of Chinese products is under scrutiny across the world, which means that foreign investors should ensure that products are up to standard. Introduction China is rapidly becoming a superpower economically and as a result, it has been approaching the economic abilities of the United States. Globalization is about the flow of international knowledge and ideas, culture sharing, global environment, and civil society. It has to be noted that the reason why companies decide to invest in other countries are diverse. Global expansion brings about extensive benefits and challenges for organizations wishing to take this path. Extensive research, learning, and patience are required before one invests in a foreign country. It is important to study the customs, culture, language, economic implications, and legal systems of the country one is wishing to invest (Kline, 2010). Countries have noted that China is a very impressive country for foreign investment because of the economic growth happening in the country. It is of paramount importance to note that each country has a unique culture, which implies that any foreign investor ought to take time to understand the culture of the destination country. Culture could be defined as a set of the shared values, practices, attitudes, and goals that give an institution or organization its identity. Investing in a country before one understands the culture of that country leads to failure (Alon, 2003). Literature Review Major dimensions and elements of culture in China 1 Major cultural dimensions in China The People’s Republic of China, which is commonly referred to as China, is the most populous country with a population of more than one billion. The geographical area of China is more than 9 million square kilometers and as a result, it is the fourth largest country in the world. There are several ethnic groups in China, the Han Chinese is the largest group, and it is found in almost all parts of the country. Other minority groups include Tibetan, Zhuang, Korean, and Mongol. The Chinese society is high context and non-verbal. The Chinese people acquire the knowledge of what they are supposed to do and say even if they are not told through conversation. Voice and facial expressions play a critical role in determining the feelings in a person. They do not have facial expressions when in a conversation. Direct eye contact is avoided because it is viewed as a symbol of disrespect (Clair & Norris, 2011). The Chinese alphabet is very different from the others because characters repr esent whole ideas, concepts, or words. The dialect does not determine the symbols to be used and they are uniform throughout the different dialects. Chinese people speak the Mandarin and Cantonese. Cantonese dialect happens to be common and it is mainly spoken in the south while Mandarin is common in the northern part of the country. It is worth noting that a dialect is the way words are pronounced but not how they are written. Moreover, it is difficult for two people communicating in different dialects to understand one another. In addition, different voice tones result in different meanings of the same words, which mean that the wrong tone results in a different meaning for a word (Kelley, 1993). Greetings are a formal affair in China and elders are given preference by being addressed first. In western countries, people are addressed by their last name and titles. On the other hand, names are reversed in China whereby a person with the name of Tom Hanks would be known as Mr. Tom. Chinese keep their heads down when greet ing another person and use a handshake after introduction to foreigners. In most cases, entertainment is conducted in public places. A great honor is given to those who attend home invitations. Tardiness is not accepted and people are expected to remove their shoes when entering houses. Failure to remove shoes is seen as a sign of disrespect and dishonor to the host (Alon, 2003). During dining, the host is always the first to start eating. The host proposes the toasts. Guests are expected to eat a lot of food to show their host that the food is delicious. Smoking and consumption of large quantities of alcohol is common during feasting. The host is the one expected to take the last item from a serving dish whereas slurping of dishes, burping or belching are common among the Chinese after taking drinks or food. The traditional eating utensils are the chopsticks and they are set on a rest or table when not in use. Playing with chopsticks is disrespecting the host (Kelley, 1993). The communist party, which rules China, is officially atheist. This means that they do not believe in the existence of God. Government officials are prohibited from holding any spiritual beliefs and if any member is found to be religious, she or he is removed from office. Despite the fact that religious freedom is guaranteed in the Chinese constitution, many are harassed and persecuted for their religious beliefs. The Chinese constitution only acknowledges five religions, which are Buddhism, Islam, Taoism, Protestantism, and Catholicism. The Chinese law does not cover any person who practices any other religion (Hu & Allen, 2005). The main religion in the country is Buddhism. Buddhist monks introduced it into the country in first century A. D. Buddhism religion is based on Buddha Siddhartha Gautama’s teachings. Rituals, values, morals, and traditions form the philosophical system of the religion. The fact that Buddhism is not theistic means that many people do not consider it a religion. On the other hand, Taoism is very important in the culture of the Chinese people. Taoism has shaped the characters and minds of millions living in China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Southeast and East Asia, Taiwan, and Korea. The two main philosophical systems and religions are Taoism and Confucianism. Islam and Christianity account for less than six percent in the country whereas a very small proportion of the population practices Protestantism and Catholicism. Muslims study their religion through the Quran as Christians use the Bible (Hu & Allen, 2005). The Chinese people have several holidays, which are Chinese festivals. The most common are Journalists’ Day, Teachers’ Day, Army Day, Chinese Communist Party Anniversary, Children’s Day, International Nurse Day, Youth Day, Arbor Day, Women’s Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qingming Festival, National Day, Mid-Autumn Day, May Day, Spring Festival, and New Year’s Day. The National Day and the Spring Festival, which are public holidays, lead the Chinese to receive three off days. Marriages have immense cultural meaning to the people of China. Marriage unions are not between a man and woman only, but they unite families. A proposal meeting is set up and when the bride’s family accepts the groom’s family, the groom and bride set a wedding date. Several gifts are sent to the bride’s family. It is worth noting that arranged marriages and incest are prohibited (Kline, 2010). 2 The cultural elements in China Given the high population in China, the government has imposed a one-child policy. In urban areas the law is strictly enforced but a family has the right to petition the government to have a second child for several reasons. The obligation/s of a person towards the others is based on the teachings of Confucius, who was a Chinese philosopher. This is referred to as Confucianism and has been used in defining cultural values amongst East Asian countries for thousands of years. Confucianism is the leading philosophical system used in China. The Chinese education system is based on Confucianism. The government puts emphasis on education and those who attain excellent marks are appointed to government positions. The appointments raise the living standards of the person appointed as well as that of the family. Children from well to do families have higher opportunities of accessing quality education when compared to those from poor families. Since the people value education, some children are locked up in rooms for the purposes of learning in some instances (Anantatmula & Thomas, 2010). The elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in China 2.1.1 The integration of locals conducting business in China Corruption has been on the rise in recent years in China and it is considered one of the top social and political problems. Studies have revealed that corruption is on the rise in the country and as a result, people are aware that the monetary cost brought about by corruption is on rise. Although the Chinese government has mechanisms of eradicating corruption, they are not sufficiently enforced. Evidence suggests that less than three percent of corrupt officials end up in jail (Clair & Norris, 2011). Chinese organizations are unwilling to engage in deals with companies, which they do not know. All business materials concerning corporate history, services and products as well as business information are sent before an organization starts doing business with another one. All the information shared is official and the Chinese prefer face-to-face dealings. Rank plays a key role in business whereas gender is irrelevant in business. During social meetings, the Chinese do not engage in any business matters. Chinese prefer to offer gifts, which should be wrapped and received by both hands upon delivery. When one wants to engage in a meeting, a date should be set in advance. Patience is very important when in meetings and each speaker is given enough time to air his or her views. Rank is very important in the Chinese culture and this implies that senior members sit together. Senior members of an organization are the ones who engage in negotiations. Men are expected to wear dark colored business suits whereas women should be in a business suit or a dress that has a high neckline with flat shoes (Clair & Norris, 2011). How cultural elements in China compare to the US business and culture 3.1.1 Customs and Language The United States is larger than China in terms of geographical area. Its population is the third largest. Just like China, the United States has several ethnic groups. The three main ethnic groups in the US are the Caucasians, African Americans, and the Hispanics. Other minority groups in the country are Asian Americans, Native Americans among others. Americans are a verbal society as opposed to the Chinese who are non-verbal. In the US, looks and facial expressions are important in conversations but they are accompanied with verbal expressions. In the American society, altercations occur whereas the Chinese avoid all embarrassing situations. The Americans use the English language for communication, which originated from England. English has an alphabet that is used to construct different words. After English, the second most common language is Spanish. Accents depend on where a person originates from and all the people comprehend the different accents as opposed to China. In the Am erican culture, a handshake is the most common form of greeting. In addition, kisses, hugs and kissing on the cheek are other forms of greeting but not very common. Men are expected to remove their hats when dining or indoors. Mrs., Mr., and Miss followed by the last name of a person are used when addressing people for the first time. Although home entertainment is common, each person is expected to inform a host before visiting (Longenecker, 2010). A person should excuse himself or herself before leaving a dinner table and eating should start after the meal starts. A guest is not expected to eat everything offered as it happens in China. Belching, slurping and belching are signs of rudeness in US. The American constitution guarantees all the people religious freedom. Moreover, majority of the people are Christians but a few practice Islam and Buddhism, which are also practiced in China. Although atheism is practiced in US, promotions are not made as it happens in China (Anantatmula & Thomas, 2010). Some of the officially recognized holidays in the US are Labor Day, Independence Day, Memorial Day, President’s Day, Martin Luther King Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s Day. Most American workers are given off from work on these days. There some other unofficial holidays, which the American people celebrate. Ethics and values are based on ones religious beliefs. The majority of marriage laws are the same in US and China. Polygamy and domestic violence are offenses in both states .There are no birth control laws in the US, as is the case in China (Kline, 2010). Corruption in the United States has been brought into the forefront by the scandals involving Enron, Martha Stewart, and other inside trading deals. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that businesses and investors are not subjected to illegal and unfair practices. Most organizations in the US have a code of ethics that must be followed by all employees in order to curb corruption. The code of ethics aid in protecting the businesses and ensure that employees behave ethically (Anantatmula & Thomas, 2010). 3.1.2 Government elections Although education is important in the lives of Americans, government appointments are not based on what one scores in school. Government appointments are given through free elections, which are conducted by the American citizens. Prior to allowing a person to run for these positions, she or he has to meet certain conditions, which are age for Governor and President and Citizenship when one is running for presidency. Other positions are through appointment by the President (Kline, 2010). Implications of US businesses wishing to invest in China 4.1.1 The importance of learning a foreign culture It is important to familiarize with the culture of the country a person is wishing to invest in. Corporate relationships could be easily built after learning the culture of the Chinese people because interactions would be easier. The culture of the Chinese people is very different from that of the Americans. The Chinese are proud of their culture. This implies that when a business fails to respect the Chinese people and their culture, it cannot be successful in the country. There are several individual challenges that a person faces once she or he opts to invest in a foreign culture. It is important to understand that one must invest resources, time, and money when she or he chooses to take the challenge. Global expansion is rife with very many challenges and risks, and this makes it difficult to understand the competition. In addition, a business should try to understand the competitive advantage that it has over the other organizations in the same market (Longenecker, 2010). To reduce the risks involved in investing in China, one might choose to enter into a joint venture with an existing Chinese organization. This would give the American organization an advantage because it would be in a position to take advantage of the relationships established by the Chinese organization. The economy of China is growing rapidly and it threatens to overtake that of the United States. This means that investing in China would help the country’s economy to grow and thus overtake the US. Corporations intending to globalize are attracted by the availability of cheap labor in China. Such companies cut the overhead costs and as a result, increase profits. Although this seems to pose an advantage to organizations on business point of view, in the end it would hurt the US economy further because it is under recession (Longenecker, 2010). 4.1.2 Why local organizations invest in global markets Globalization has led to many organizations investing in foreign countries because the world has become a global village. The main reason why US corporations are investing in foreign lands could be attributed to the fact that the US economy is under recession, which means that organizations have suffered huge losses over the recent years. US consumers do not have as much money as they used to have before and this has slowed down consumption. In addition, very many people have lost their jobs because of collapsing organizations, which has drove down the spending ability among American citizens (Alon, 2003). The American labor market is very expensive and this has been reducing profits for corporations. On the other hand, the Chinese labor market is cheap and this means that an organization that operates from China accumulates higher profits than the one operating from the US. China has an estimated one billion consumers and this provides an ideal market for organizations. Although the challenges and risks associated with globalizing are very many and real, it is important to note that when one conducts a comprehensive research chances of success are very high. This implies that before investing, one ought to take time and conduct an extensive research in order to ensure that she or he makes the right choices (Kelley, 2003). 4.1.3 The necessary conditions for expansion into international market Any organization that wishes to invest in a foreign country must take time to learn all the aspects regarding that country. After gathering information about the foreign country, the investor must ensure that she or he comes up with an export plan. Investors should take time to learn the customs, culture, and the economy of the country they wish to make investments. The advance in technology has made it possible to gather information online and this should be the starting point. Visiting the target market is very important because it gives the investor an opportunity of understanding the potential buyers, competition, distribution channels, and local rules. Attending events and trade shows that are related to the field one would like to invest in is very important. At the show, it is important to take notes on services and products, competitors, labeling and packaging of products, which are similar to what the investor would be offering (Jayaraman, 2009). Prior to investing in a foreign country, one should have a clear understanding of the politics of that country. The Communist party in China controls cultural and economic institutions and has absolute power over the country’s legislation. Rules in China are not absolute and transparent as those of Western countries. Social networks are very important and they help an organization in avoiding bureaucracy and red tape. In addition, it takes time to build a reliable social network and this is a challenge for organizations investing in China. China has several legal challenges because the law is not clearly defined. Although China has been incorporated in World Trade Organization (WTO), patent rights are not clear and competitors and employees steal patented technology. This has made China a leader in the production of counterfeit goods, which are openly sold in markets across the country. Since Chinese value their culture more than anything else, a western investor entering the market must have an intermediary. This implies that he or she cannot do business in China if she or he is not willing to collaborate with other Chinese investors. It is important to have a clear understanding of the Chinese people because they do not directly refuse an offer. In most cases, the quality of products originating from China has been questioned because they have had several low quality products over the recent years. This implies that any organization wishing to invest in China should understand that it has to fight these challenges if it has to have a competitive edge. In the western world, quality is very important and production should be done according to the specifications given in the contract. This implies that western organizations have to take time when checking the quality of products originating from China (Jayaraman, 2009). Questions before investing 5.1.1 Is the timing right One of the first questions that an investor should ask himself or herself when looking to start an investment either locally or in foreign markets is whether the timing is right. The aim of any investment is to harness as much profit both on short and long term basis. To guarantee this, an entrepreneur should do a forensic research on his or her target market. While investment is all about taking risks and trusting that all will go well, it is possible to foretell the chances of business survival if one has the right timing in his or her target market. This calls for an evaluation of certain factors like the economic policies of the host nation, the international trade policies and the market condition. The right timing for an investment creates more opportunities that guarantee success. An investor needs to consider the demand of his or her goods and services as well as ability to supply them at the given time of investment start up (Murray, Ju & Gao, 2012). Investors need to be able to predict the market movement in the future so that they can foretell the viability of the market before they venture into it. This may be possible through looking into the economic analysis of the nation and the international market. Some financial analysts claim that the market prices are always randomly fluctuating; thus, there is never an optimum time for venturing into a market. This hypothesis has been proved null by critics who believe that an investor can determine the success rate of the investment if he or she chooses the right time to get into the market. Depending on the type of business that an investor looks to start, there are always periods of low markets and high market trends. An investor should avoid venturing into a market during the low sales season. In the event that an investor moves into a market during the lowest sales season, the cost of doing business may add to the liabilities. This leads to an eventual diminishing profits trend that would kill the business in the long run (Murray, Ju & Gao, 2012). 5.1.2 The scale of investment Investors should look at their expected value before they decide on the scale of investment. The main aim of this should be to optimize the periodic capacity for the investors in order to minimize the failure insecurity (Dupuis & Prime, 1996). The investors should consider the time of investment as they calculate the scale of investment so that they can use the expected market value and trend to calculate the risk brought by the scale of investment. A good investor should not rely on chance, he or she should have his or her financial goals calculated in order to avoid unnecessary loses. Looking at the market trend at a given time, the financial analysts can tell the optimal scale of investment that would guarantee the success of an investment; this is normally done by using the market growth rate as an indicator of the future trends. An investor with unlimited resources may be at a better position to harness the opportunities presented by the right timing and the optimal scale of inv estment. Globalization has linked the world to become one large market in which the competition in the entrepreneurial world is stiff. The market is filled with large and small corporations that each investor should consider before he or she embarks on a business venture. It is important to limit the scale of investment to a controllable size in the initial days of business. While the market trends may be enticing and promising, an investor should not get carried away in his or her assets expansion. The use of the internet has helped most corporations to up their game in the competition. This means that a new investor or one looking to expand his or her enterprise should first invest in the latest technology and have a grip on the competition. The market may be viable but the competitiveness of the major players in a given field should limit the scale of investment. Starting on small scale is always the safest mode of investment. As the returns of the organization increase, the management should have a strategic plan on how to expand the investment (Dupuis & Prime, 1996). 5.1.3 The ideal location An investor should always have a target society who will be the customers. Once an organization has pinpointed its potential customers, it should ensure that it locates the business in a strategic place where the products and services are easily accessible by the target group. China is one of the most developed nations in the world. It is extensively urbanized, meaning that there are many potential areas to situate an investment. There are various factors that an investor should consider before he or she chooses the location of his or her business in China. First, the people of China are highly cultural in the business activities. This means that depending on the type of investment chosen, the investor will have a certain group of customers. The business should be situated where there is a high concentration of potential customers for profit maximization purposes. The investor should also consider the level of competition in the area he or she is locating the business. An organization looking to survive in the Chinese market should pick an area where it is easy for it to monopolize the market (Dunfee, 2001). The location should also be well facilitated in terms of infrastructure. This is particularly important for the accessibility of the business to the customers. There should also be an efficient transportation system for the raw materials and the finished goods. The location of a business directly influences the production cost; therefore, he business location should be in a place where the cost of production and other inherent liabilities are minimized. The location of the business should also be in an area where there is the potential of an expansion in the future. The Chinese towns and cities are overcrowded and the possibility of an organization expanding is limited to the option of relocating. To avoid this, an organization looking to expand in future should locate its enterprise in a place where there is ample space. The availability of energy and the security of the area should also be considered before a firm selects its ideal location for its business. A foreign business has a great chance of survival in China if the location is in an area where the policies of the company are parallel to the cultural values of the organization (Sign, Zhao & Hu, 2005). 5.1.4 Exporting or Importing This is one of the least risky entry modes to a foreign market. In the Chinese market, there are many businesses that solely engage in importing and exporting products. These companies bring imports to China, which they sell out to the locals and they later export other goods from China to other parts of the world where they are based. The aim of this is to gain a deep rooting into the Chinese Market before they can engage in an intense investment mode in the market. The businesses normally form tight ties with importing and exporting agencies within China, which later come in handy after they fully establish their enterprises. This mode of entry into a foreign market significantly minimizes the risk of investment since the involved companies can evaluate the market trends and decide on the best investment timing and scale of investment. It is a strategic entry mode that has been very effective for different organizations globally (Shehane, Huan & Ali, 2011). The most competitive corporations in China are Multinational corporations that export goods from China to other international markets and import the goods on demand in the Chinese Market. The business is particularly successful since the commodities involved in the trade are selected according to their market value locally and internationally. If a firm is looking to start up on a small scale, there are many intermediary export and import firms that may form partnerships with it and over time, the company may rise up and form its own enterprise. Export and import mode of entry into a market does not require a lot of capital; hence the chances of making loses are minimized. A company without the required amount of capital to start up its investment may engage in this mode of entry until it gathers enough profit to use as capital for start up (Murphy, 2012). 5.1.5 Use of intermediaries and their importance Whether an investor is inexperienced or experienced in foreign markets entry, there is always the risk of using the wrong entry mode that would subject him or her to risks. To eliminate this risk factor in investment, an investor may choose to use or consult intermediary firms within the host country. The Chinese market has a very large number of intermediary companies involved with different products and services importation and exportation as well as sale in the local market. Among the first time investors in the Chinese market, the intermediaries act as a tool to deliver the imported goods to the local market on behalf of the investors. The intermediaries help in making ties with the local businesses in China who may be interested in the products being sold by the new investor. The intermediary companies may also come in handy while acquiring export goods. Among the experienced foreign investors, the Chinese intermediary firms offer leads towards the feasible business areas (Weldon, Li & Tsui, 2000). The advantages of having the intermediaries is that they easily manage all the issues concerning the payment of taxes, license acquisition and export activities among other paper work that would be hectic for the investors. The fact that they are already acquainted with the local business men makes them very useful in the formation of new relationships in the market with the best business partners available. With the help of the intermediaries, it is possible for the new players in the market to determine the genuine business partners in the host nation. They are also an asset when it gets to neutralizing the high competition especially in a developed nation like China where there are numerous foreign investors. As the new investors attempt to start up their investment on full swing in the markets, the intermediaries work as the trainers to their new management to help them cope with the policies in the host nation (Weldon, Li & Tsui, 2000). 5.1.6 International experience The experience level of the intermediaries in the foreign market provides new investors with a tool to market their goods and to ensure that they get the right exposure to the target customers. The survival of foreign investors lies on who they know in the new market since the competition is always stiff. The intermediaries may help in securing business deals with potent investors in the international market, which further increases the chances of success. The Chinese market is one of the fastest growing markets in the international trade and this means that the competition level is always on the rise. The intermediaries have the experience with the ever fluctuating market in China hence, for an investor who is looking to eliminate the loss risk in this market should seek for help from such firms. The foreign financial teams are always at a better position to advice the new investors on the most feasible strategic plans to use while venturing into their market. The Chinese market is seasonal for different products and the natives are best suited in the prediction of the market trends (Weldon, Li & Tsui, 2000). 5.1.7 Market size The market size in a given nation is a great determinant of the profits attained of the foreign investors in that country. Foreign investors always look to invest in foreign markets in which profitability is guaranteed even for the small scale investors. The size of the market is determined through the demand for the given good and services as well as the state of the competition in that nation. The economic policies in the host nation must also be favorable in order for the market size to be feasible. The demand for most goods in the Chinese market is extremely high owing to the large population. The big size of the market reduces the uncertainty risk for the foreign investors. The size of a market also determines the investment entry mode, the timing and the scale of investment for foreign firms. The host nation’s government policies determine the feasibility of the market (Muller, 2007). 5.1.7 Environment The political environment in a host nation is the most important factor that a foreign investor should look at prior to making investment arrangements. Different governments have different policies that are effective on the foreign investors. The policies entail the taxation rates and the rates of subsidiary acquisition for the foreign firms. There are nations with very discouraging government policies that make the business environment very harsh for foreign investors while other nations have enticing policies. China’s policies are very stable since the nation is politically stable. This means that the policies are not likely to be changed for the worse anytime soon. The availability of labor and the liabilities that the employees incur to the foreign investor should also be considered. The operation costs should be minimized as much as possible. The legal implications of the type of business that one is trying to start up should be considered too. This involves licenses acquisition and the certification of the ethical requirements in the host nation (Muller, 2007). Conclusion The population of China makes it one of the most viable markets for local and foreign investments. The high demand for goods and services calls for the entrepreneurs to keep up with the competition it creates. Having foreign investors in the Republic makes it difficult for new investors to venture into the market without first having to calculate the risk involved. Getting into such a market attracts a lot of risk that would lead to business failure. China has numerous companies that act as intermediaries for foreign investors. These companies help foreign investors to grow their businesses and to build surviving empires through forming partnerships with the most potent business firms in the republic on behalf of foreign investors. The intermediaries reduce the uncertainty risks for the foreign investors. The cultural elements of the republic also play a great role in determining the investment methods for foreigners as well as the locals. These factors should be considered by all in vestors looking to invest in the Chinese market. Annotated bibliography Alon, I. (2003). Chinese culture, organizational behavior, and international business management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. The author notes that the people across the world have understood that China is good destination for investment because of its rapidly growing economy. Moreover, several challenges face organizations wishing to invest in the country mostly because of the Chinese culture, which they are very proud of. The author explains what need to be done in order to be successful in China. Anantatmula, V. & Thomas, M. (2010). â€Å"Managing global projects: A structured approach for better performance.† Project Management Journal, 41(2): 60-72. Management of global projects comes with very many challenges because a person has to deal with a different culture and political environment. This implies that investors must take time to study the implications of investing in foreign markets, and what it expects. Clair, N. S. & Norris, J. T. (2011). â€Å"Business ethics and social responsibility in contemporary China.† Journal of Academic & Business Ethics, 5: 1-9. Business ethics in China are very complicated because the law is not well defined. This is the main reason why China produces counterfeit goods and products of low quality. Investors should be aware of these challenges and devise ways of dealing with them. In addition, there are several legal challenges that investors face in China because of the control of the economy by the communist party. Dunfee, T. W. & Warren, D. E. (2001). Is Guanxi Ethical? A Normative Analysis of Doing Business in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3): 191-204. This Journal discusses different levels of ethical practices that a business should portray in the Chinese market. It looks into the investment implications of foreign entrepreneurs in the Chinese market. Dupuis, M. & Prime, N. (1996). Business distance and global retailing: a model for analysis of key success/failure factors. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 24(11): 30–38. This journal discusses the various business risks and uncertainties that are attracted by foreign investment. The authors particularly analyze the factors leading to success and failure in the retail business in the international markets. Hu, H. L. & Allen, W. C. (2005). Religions of the World: Taoism. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Religion plays an important role in understanding the culture of a given society. The author discusses the world’s religions and how they influence the people around the world. They note that Chinese main religions are Buddhism and Taoism. The religions govern the cultural beliefs of the Chinese people. In addition, atheism is widely practiced in the country. Jain, S. C. (2006). Emerging economies and the transformation of international business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. China is an emerging economy and receives the largest share of foreign direct investment after the United States. This can be attributed to the fact that the Chinese country has a very big population and this provides market for goods and services produced in the country. Jayaraman, K. (2009). â€Å"A risk analysis.† Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, 1(1): 1-9. Before investing in any foreign country, it is important to have an assessment of the risks involved. The author gives the reader an understanding of the risks involved when one is investing in China. The communist party and other legal challenges are the main risks associated with foreign investment in China. Kelley,L. (1993). International Business in China. New York: Routledge. China has very many international businesses operating in the country thanks to its growing economy. Investors have realized that one is able to take advantage of the one billion Chinese consumers to increase profitability. Investing in China needs research to understand what one should do to be successful. Kline, J. (2010). Ethics for International Business: Decision-Making in a Global Political Economy. New York: Taylor & Francis. Decision-making is very important when investing in a foreign country. Mechanisms should be put in place, which allow employees to make the right choices at all times. It has been noted that the legal system of the China is flawed. This implies that very many legal loopholes used to swindle organizations. This can be attributed to the fact that the government does not enforce all laws. Longenecker, J. G. (2010). Small business management: Launching & growing entrepreneurial ventures. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Management of small businesses comes with challenges because of the competition offered by large multinationals. The US economy is under threat from being overtaken by that of Chinese government and very many US organizations are investing in the country. This means that the organizations are helping in developing the Chinese economy and this poses a threat to the US. Muller, T. (2007). Analyzing Modes of Foreign Entry: Greenfield Investment versus Acquisition. Review of International Economics, 15(1), 93-111. This journal analyzes the factors to be considered by a multinational corporation looking to enter a given new market. It gives a highlight on the different forms of market entry that are viable for different foreign markets and the factors to consider in the markets. Murphy, M. (2012). An Integration of Cultural Frames of Reference with the Market Entry Decision. Journal of International Business Research, 11(1), 43-57. This Journal discusses the implications of the cultural requirements in a market. The authors paint a clear picture of what is expected of an organization by the people while they are entering their home market. The ethics of their business is emphasized. Murray, J. Y., Ju, M. & Gao, G. Y. (2012). Foreign Market Entry Timing Revisited: Trade-Off Between Market Share Performance and Firm Survival. Journal of international Marketing, 20(3), 50-64. The authors of this journal focus on the right timing in business investment. Their main focus is in the foreign markets. They address all the factors that an investor should consider and the indicators that a foreign market is viable. Shehane, R., Huan, X. & Ali, A. (2011). A framework analysis of the Action Plan for Import Safety (APIS). Journal of International Business & Cultural Studies, 5(1):1-19. This journal gives an analytical framework for the importation policies and guidelines that should govern the processes of importation for the purpose of ensuring effective management. The analysis refers to the U.S. and the Chinese markets. The authors focus on the safety of imports and the management of imports. Singh, N., Zhao, H. & Hu, X. (2005). Analyzing the cultural content of web sites: A cross-national comparison of China, India, Japan, and US. International Marketing Review, 22(2): 129–146. This journal is an analysis of the implications of the cultural beliefs and ethical standards involved in the business sector in different nations including China. The authors compare and contrast the cultural beliefs of the people in these states. Weldon, E., Li, J. T., & Tsui, A. S. (2000). Management and organizations in the Chinese context. New York: St. Martin’s Press. This book focuses on business management requirements in the Chinese market. It discusses the challenges and strengths of good business management in the Chinese economy. References Top of Form Alon, I. (2003). Chinese culture, organizational behavior, and international business management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. http://www.questia.com/library/106810418/chinese-culture-organizational-behavior-and-international Anantatmula, V. & Thomas, M. (2010). â€Å"Managing global projects: A structured approach for better performance.† Project Management Journal, 41(2): 60-72. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=48836961&site=eds-live Clair, N. S. & Norris, J. T. (2011). â€Å"Business ethics and social responsibility in contemporary China.† Journal of Academic & Business Ethics, 5: 1-9. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=70868688&site=eds-live Dunfee, T. W. & Warren, D. E. (2001). Is Guanxi Ethical? A Normative Analysis of Doing Business in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3): 191-204. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=12128518&site=eds-live Dupuis, M. & Prime, N. (1996) â€Å"Bus iness distance and global retailing: a model for analysis of key success/failure factors†, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 24(11): 30 – 38. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=857181&show=pdf